Risk-taking Behaviour: The Role of Dark Triad Traits, Impulsivity, Sensation Seeking and Adverse Childhood Experience.

Objective: Dark Triad Traits, Adverse Childhood Experiences, impulsivity and sensation seeking significantly influence whether one engages in or avoids various risk behaviours and personality throughout life. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate how Dark Triad Traits, Adverse Childhood Experience and impulsivity sensation influence risk taking behaviour personality throughout life. Methods: The sample included 222 university students from four universities, 82 males (36.9%) and 140 females (63.1%), and aged between 18 and 51 years. Results: The results showed that adverse childhood experiences, psychopathy, narcissism, impulsivity and sensation-seeking predicted risk taking. Machiavellianism, on the other hand, did not significantly predict risk taking. Based on results, adverse childhood experiences predicted risk-taking directly and indirectly through psychopathy, narcissism, impulsivity and sensation seeking. Conclusion: The results indicate that early childhood experiences are a significant factor in personality traits and that positive early experiences could lead to minimising risk taking and reducing levels of impulsivity, sensation-seeking and dark triad traits.

Is the Psychopathic Brain an Artifact of Coding Bias? A Systematic Review.

Questionable research practices are a well-recognized problem in psychology. Coding bias, or the tendency of review studies to disproportionately cite positive findings from original research, has received comparatively little attention. Coding bias is more likely to occur when original research, such as neuroimaging, includes large numbers of effects, and is most concerning in applied contexts. We evaluated coding bias in reviews of structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) studies of PCL-R psychopathy. We used PRISMA guidelines to locate all relevant original sMRI studies and reviews. The proportion of null-findings cited in reviews was significantly lower than those reported in original research, indicating coding bias. Coding bias was not affected by publication date or review design. Reviews recommending forensic applications-such as treatment amenability or reduced criminal responsibility-were no more accurate than purely theoretical reviews. Coding bias may have contributed to a perception that structural brain abnormalities in psychopaths are more consistent than they actually are, and by extension that sMRI findings are suitable for forensic application. We discuss possible sources for the pervasive coding bias we observed, and we provide recommendations to counteract this bias in review studies. Until coding bias is addressed, we argue that this literature should not inform conclusions about psychopaths' neurobiology, especially in forensic contexts.

Variants of Children with Psychopathic Tendencies in a Community Sample.

To investigate the heterogeneity of children with psychopathic tendencies, this study identified heterogenous subgroups among a community sample of children based on their callous-unemotional (CU) traits, conduct problems (CP), and anxiety. A latent profile analysis classified 1861 primary school students (age 6-14) into four subgroups based on parent-report CU traits, CP and anxiety: low-risk children (i.e., low in CU traits, CP, and anxiety), anxious children (i.e., high in anxiety, low in CU traits and CP), primary variants of children with psychopathic tendencies (i.e., high in CU traits and CP, low in anxiety), and secondary variants of children with psychopathic tendencies (i.e., high in CU traits, CP, and anxiety). In particular, the secondary variants evidenced higher levels of CU traits, CP, and anxiety than the primary variants. Our findings extend the heterogeneity of psychopathy to childhood and encourage future research to examine the developmental trajectories of psychopathy.

Sob a ótica do exame: pesquisas sobre psicopatia e psicopatas no cenário científico brasileiro / From the perspective of the exam: the researches about psychopathy and psychopaths in the brazilian scientific scene / Bajo la óptica del examen: las investigaciones sobre psicopatía y psicópatas en el escenario científico brasileño

Fazendo um panorama das formas como a psicopatia e os psicopatas são tratados no cenário científico nacional, pelo recurso da hermenêutica foucautiana, o presente artigo traça, a partir dos relatórios de teses e dissertações, a rede de saber-poder que captura e constitui a figura limite do inimigo social. Essa trama forma-se com procedimentos e técnicas de avaliação e exame, onde diversas práticas discursivas se articulam para esquadrinhar, lapidar e objetificar uma ontologia do criminoso, de fato ou em potencial, inalienável da natureza perversa. Os enunciados expressam-se na díade jus-psi formando os trilhos por onde correm os dispositivos de vigilância e se formam as estratégias de controle atuais. Essa pesquisa possibilitou: elucidar quais áreas interessaram-se pela temática; de que maneira elas delinearam seu(s) objeto(s); com quais saberes instituídos e instituintes estabeleceram seus diálogos; e como esse acontecimento configura-se na contemporaneidade.

This article draws from the reports of theses and dissertations about psychopathy and psychopaths the knowledge-power network that captures and constitutes the figure limit of the social enemy, in the Brazilian scientific scene, through the use of Foucault's hermeneutics. This network is formed with procedures and techniques of evaluation and examination, where diverse discursive practices are articulated to search, polish and objectify an ontology of the criminal, in fact or in potential, inalienable of its perverse nature. The statements are expressed in the jus-psi dyad by forming the rails by which the surveillance devices run and the current control strategies are formed. This research made it possible to: elucidate which areas were interested in the subject; how they outlined their object (s); with which institutionalized and instituted knowledge established their dialogues; and how this event is configured in contemporaneity.

El presente artículo traza, por el recurso de la hermenéutica foucautiana, a partir de los informes de tesis y disertaciones, la red de saber-poder que captura y forma la figura límite del enemigo social, en el escenario científico brasileño. Esta trama se forma con procedimientos y técnicas de evaluación y examen, donde diversas prácticas discursivas se articulan para escudriñar, lapidar y objetivar una ontología del criminal, de hecho o en potencial, inalienable de la naturaleza perversa. Los enunciados se expresan en lo duo legal-psicológico formando los rieles por donde corren los dispositivos de vigilancia y se forman las estrategias de control actuales. Esta investigación posibilitó: elucidar qué áreas se interesaron por la temática; de qué manera ellas delinearon su(s) objeto(s); con qué saber instituidos e institucionales establecieron sus diálogos; y cómo ese acontecimiento se configura en la contemporaneidad.

About the possible relationship between the scoundrel and the psychopath / Sobre o possível parentesco entre o canalha e o psicopata

Busca-se demonstrar como a posição canalha, tal como foi concebida por Lacan e Jacques Alain Miller, pode ser uma chave de leitura para o fenômeno representado pela psicopatia. Ao aproximarmos o canalha do psicopata, é-nos possível extrair norteamentos teóricos e, principalmente, clínicos, uma vez que toca diretamente na advertência lacaniana de que devemos negar a psicanálise aos canalhas, bem como os motivos que o levaram a tal conclusão.

We aim to demonstrate how the scoundrel position, such as it was conceived by Lacan and Jacques Alain Miller, can be a key of comprehension to the psychopathic phenomenon. As we approximate the scoundrel to the psychopath, it is possible to extract theoretical guidance and mainly clinical, once it touches directly in the lacanian direction of denying the psychoanalysis to the scoundrel and also the reasons that led him to that conclusion.

Análisis clínico de un ataque sexual / Clinical analysis of a sexual assault

Se presenta el análisis clínico de un ataque sexual donde la víctima fue robada, golpeada y ultrajada. Se la estudia y se la trata según el enfoque psiquiátrico actual con resultados positivos. Además, se realiza un perfil criminológico del agresor, basado en las características de su ataque, bajo la interpretación de los autores clásicos y la psicología contemporánea.

It presents the clinical analysis of a sexual attack where the victim was stolen, beaten and outraged. She is studied and treated according to the current psychiatric approach with positive results. Furthermore it was realized a criminological profile of the aggressor based on the characteristics of his attack, under the interpretation of classical authors and contemporary psychology

Traits of empathy and anger: implications for psychopathy and other disorders associated with aggression.

Empathy and anger are two social emotions that modulate an individual's risk for aggression. Empathy is an emotional reaction to another individual's emotional state. Anger is an emotional reaction to threat, frustration or social provocation. Reduced empathy, seen in psychopathy, increases the risk for goal-directed aggression. Atypically increased anger (i.e. irritability), seen in conditions like disruptive mood dysregulation disorder and borderline personality disorder, increases the risk for reactive aggression. In this paper, I will outline core neurocognitive functions that correspond to empathy and which are compromised in individuals with psychopathic traits. In addition, I will outline neurocognitive functions involved in either the generation or regulation of anger and which are compromised in psychiatric conditions at increased risk for irritability/reactive aggression. It can be hoped that improved understanding of empathy and anger will lead to better assessment tools and improved interventions to reduce aggression risk.This article is part of the theme issue 'Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences'.

Neurobiología de las adicciones / Neurobiology of addictions

Resumen La proporción de usuarios de una droga de abuso que desarrolla dependencia sólo representa una parte de ellos. Es decir, hay una proporción de usuarios que no presentan un trastorno por consumo de sustancias (TCS). Por ejemplo, en Mexico sólo el 15% de quienes consumen alcohol desarrollan un trastorno por consumo de alcohol (ТСА). Este 15% sugiere una vulnerabilidad en esta población, por lo que determinar los mecanismos que predisponen a estos sujetos a la adicción es indispensable para la prevención о para la rehabilitación del TCS. Se ha sugerido la participación de factores genéticos y medioambientales en el desarrollo de dicha vulnerabilidad al TCS. Por ejemplo, se ha demostrado que los sujetos que son psicópatas o sociópatas у que son agresivos, que presentan falta de atención y son impulsivos, entre otras características clínicas, presentan comorbilidad con el abuso y dependencia a sustancias. Por otro lado, se ha observado que existe una relación entre las experiencias adversas en los primeros años de vida y el consumo de sustancias de abuso. En estudios preclínicos, hemos demostrado que las ratas privadas de cuidado materno en los días posnatales 2 al 16 (DPN2-DPN16), al llegar a la edad adulta (DPN90) consumen más alcohol que las que han recibido cuidado materno todo el tiempo. Además, presentan una desregulación en la expresión de los receptores para canabinoides del tipo ו (CB1R) en algunas zonas del cerebro, por ejemplo, el núcleo accumbens y la corteza prefrontal. En breve, podríamos suponer que un sujeto es vulnerable a tener una adicción si nace psicópata o desarrolla una personalidad antisocial, o bien, si durante la infancia ha contendido con situaciones adversas, como son un pobre cuidado parental o el abuso verbal, fisco o sexual. Cabe señalar que estos no son los únicos factores que han sido asociados a este trastorno, pero para los fines de esta revisión, sólo discutiremos esta vulnerabilidad con base en los mecanismos epigenéticos que afectan al sistema endocanabinérgico (seCB) e interfieren con la función del sistema de inhibición de la conducta.

Abstract The proportion of drug abuse users that develop dependence does not represent the totality of users. Therefore, there is a substantial proportion of users that does not develop a substance use disorder (SUD). For example, in Mexico, only 15% of all alcohol consumers develop alcohol use disorder (AUD). Determining the mechanisms that predispose individuals to AUD or SUD is crucial for its prevention or rehabilitation. The involvement of genetic and environmental factors to the development of SUD has been suggested. For example, psychopaths or sociopaths that have a strong genetic predisposition have comorbidity with SUD. On the other hand, a relationship between adverse experiences in the early years of and substance abuse has been documented. In pre-clinical studies, we have shown that rats deprived of maternal care from postnatal day (PND)2 to PND16, and tested once they reach adulthood (PND90) consume more alcohol than those that were under materna care at all times. In addition, we observed a dysregulation in the expression of cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CBIR)in some areas of the brain, i.e. nucleus acumens and prefrontal cortex. In short, we presume that a subject who is vulnerable to addiction has either been born with a psychopathic disorder, developed an antisocial personality, experienced adverse situations such as neglected parental care, or verbal, physical or sexual abuse. These are not the only factors that have been associated with SUD, but for the purposes of this review we will discuss vulnerability based only on epigenetic mechanisms affecting the endocannabinergic system and interfering with the functioning of the behavior inhibition system.

La tríada oscura de la personalidad: maquiavelismo, narcisismo y psicopatía. Una mirada evolutiva / The dark triad of personality: Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy. An evolutionary look / A tríada escura da personalidade: maquiavelismo, narcisismo e psicopatia. Uma olhada evolutiva

Se aborda la denominada Tríada Oscura de la Personalidad -Tríada- (maquiavelismo, narcisismo subclínico y psicopatía subclínica) desde una mirada evolutiva. El objetivo de esta investigación es revisar la evidencia que han presentado los teóricos evolucionistas sobre la Tríada, desde un acercamiento a la mirada evolutiva. Para esto, se indaga en las principales características de cada uno de estos rasgos, los instrumentos que se han utilizado para evaluarlos y las principales áreas en donde se han estudiado. La mirada evolutiva plantea que los rasgos de la Tríada son dimensionales y varían de acuerdo con las diversas estrategias que utilizan los sujetos para adaptarse a las características socioambientales en las que se desarrollan. Estos rasgos se caracterizan por presentar violencia psicológica, inhibición moral, manipulación, baja amabilidad, insensibilidad, egoísmo y dificultad para mentalizar en contextos de interacción interpersonal y social.

What has been denominated as the Dark Triad of Personality - Triad (machiavellianism, subclinical narcissism and subclinical psychopathy is addressed here from an evolutionary look. The objective or this research is to review and revise the evidence submitted by evolutionary theorists with regard to the Triad, from an approach to the evolutionary scrutiny. For this purpose, the main characteristics in each one of these features are examined, as well as the instruments having been used to assess them, and the major areas where they have been studied. The evolutionary look states that the Triad features are dimensional and vary according to the diverse strategies employed by subjects to adapt themselves to the socioenvironmental characteristics surrounding them while they develop. These features are characterized by evidencing psychological violence, moral inhibition, manipulation, low kindness, selfishness, and difficulties to become aware or psych up in interpersonal and social interaction contexts.

A denominada Tríada Escura da Personalidade -Tríada- será abordada (maquiavelismo, narcisismo subclínico e psicopatia subclínica) desde uma olhada evolutiva. O objetivo desta investigação é rever a evidência que os teóricos evolucionistas apresentam sobre a Tríada, desde uma aproximação à olhada evolutiva. Para este efeito, indaga-se nas características principais de cada uma destas características, os instrumentos que foram usados para avaliá-los e as áreas principais onde são estudados. A olhada evolutiva explica que as características da Tríada são dimensionais e variam de acordo com as estratégias diversas que usam os sujeitos para se adaptar às características socioambientais nas que são desenvolvidas. Estas características determinam-se por apresentar violência psicológica, inibição moral, manipulação, baixa amabilidade, insensibilidade, egoísmo e dificuldade para mentalizar nos contextos da interação interpessoal e social.

Psicopatia Da Vida Cotidiana

A autora faz uma análise das notícias veiculadas pela imprensa e a partir delas percebe-se o grande número de pessoas que são vítimas de gente inescrupulosa e mentirosa e a dificuldade que temos de identificar esses sujeitos perversos que gravitam ao nosso redor. São pessoas que se recusam a viver frustrações e capazes de atrocidades e de recursos ilícitos ou agressivos para alcançarem o que desejam a despeito da lei e que recorrem às mentiras, trapaças e crueldades. A autora conclui que não existe uma resposta psicanalítica para os psicopatas, pois ela só existe para um pedido daquele que se dirige a um psicanalista. O tratamento para a psicopatia, se é que existe, é de ordem social e de caráter educativo.(AU)

The author makes an analysis of news related by the press and from them we see the large number of people who are victims of unscrupulous people and liars and the difficulty we have to identify these perverse individuals who gravitate around us. They refuse to live frustrations and they are capable of atrocities. They use illegal or aggressive resources in order to achieve what they want regardless of the law and they resort to lying, cheating and cruelty. The author concludes that there is no psychotherapy response to psychopaths, because it only exists for a demand that it is directed to a psychoanalyst. The treatment for psychopaths, if it exists, has a social and an educational character.(AU)

O sociodrama, dispositivo de jogo cênico grupal e de acompanhamento com visada pré-terapêutica / Sociodrama: a group role playing device and an accompaniment device with a pre-therapeutic aim

Este artigo discorre sobre uma experiência conduzida com adolescentes psicopatas confiados a uma instituição encarregada de reeducá-los e de reinseri-los. Para resolver as tensões que enfrentam, esses adolescentes recorrem necessariamente a um agir que, se nada esclarece sobre o caráter dos problemas, tem por mérito diminuir temporariamente as tensões que encontram. A verbalização e a simbolização não são, portanto, os modelos preferidos em seus modos de troca e de relação que degeneram freqüentemente em comportamentos violentos. Visto de certa maneira, o sociodrama constitui uma etapa primeira no contínuo dessa assistência ao mal-estar importante de que sofrem esses adolescentes psicopatas.

This article is a report on an experiment which was carried out with psychopath teenagers who had been left with an institution to be re-educated and reintegrated . in order to settle the tensions they necessarily face, these teenagers turn to a kind of action which has the merit of temporarily reducing the tensions they meet even if it doesn?t solve the root of the problem; As a consequence, verbalization and symbolization are not the favourite patterns in their verbal and relational exchanges , which most of the time degenerate into different forms of violent behaviour. If you consider it that way, socio drama is in fact the first step in the process of taking a grip on their important uneasiness.

Este texto relata la experiencia cabo con adolescentes psicopatas, a cargo de uma institución de reeducación. Os adolescentes para resolver las tensiones cotidianas se sirven de acciones que no necesariamente resuelven la problemática de fondo. La verbalización y la simbolización no son los modos mas usuales y por lo tanto no pocas veces recurren a comportamientos violentos. De esta forma, el sociodrama pasa a ser el lugar donde el malestar y el sufrimiento de los adolescentes encuentra acogida y escucha.

Investigation on economic status of psychiatric patients and their families in Shaoxing area in Zhejiang Province / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo investigate the economic status of psychiatric patients and their families in Shaoxing area in Zhejiang Province.MethodsA self-edited questionnaire was used to survey the annual income and expenses for medical treatment among psychiatric patients and their families.ResultsThe average annual income of per person in psychiatric family was (3823.07±3354.99) Yuan while average annual income of per psychiatric patient was (1918.20±5188.42) Yuan, which were only 62.3% and 31.2% of the rural controllable annual income, 20.9% and 14.2% of urban controllable annual income in Shaoxing area. In the meantime, 30.43% psychiatric patients did not have any incomes and 47.43% were below 500 Yuan per year. Engel coefficient was (59.65±24.36). The average expense for medical treatment was 1052.54 Yuan per year, which was 54.9% of annual income of the psychiatric patients. In some illness, this rate was as high as 90% or above.ConclusionThe incomes of psychiatric family members and psychiatric patients themselves are much lower than the local average level, while they would be spent more than a half of the income on their medical treatment. Psychiatric patients as well as their family members are the extremely low income and weak social class and need help by the government and society.

Ethic Problems on the Treatment of Vagrant Psychopath in Hospital / 中国医学伦理学

In the fact vagrant psychopaths, All hospitals must persist in both efficiency of society and benefits of patients. Doctors must cure them cannily according to humanitarian principle . The folks of vagrant psychopaths must treat them with friendly attitude. At the same time, government must pay attention to the theme in legislation. The match of public security officials domestic affairs and social public participate.

Ethic problems of the treatment of vagrant psychopath in hospital / 中国医学伦理学

Face vagrant psychopaths,All hospitals must persist in both efficiency of society and benefits of patients.Doctors must cure them cannily according to humanitarian principle.At the same time,government must pay attention to the theme in legislaion.The folks of vagrant psychopaths must treat them with friendly attitude.